Medicine

Clinically, some people often have repeated allergies, eczema and respiratory infections or other parts of the infection, in this case, in addition to some routine tests such as tests for white blood cells, immunoglobulin series, lymphocyte subsets, etc., the five immune immunoglobulin tests are also necessary. Although many people do these tests in the doctor’s advice, they do not know its role or clinical significance. Here you can find an explanation. 1. What is immunoglobulin? Immunoglobulin (Ig) refers to a class of globulin with antibody activity or with chemical structure similar to antibody, and it is the main reaction substances of humoral immune response. With anti-bacterial, anti-viral effect and strengthening the phagocytosis of cells function, as well as killing or dissolving pathogenic microorganisms in the complement of the collaboration, it is an important component of disease resistance in the body. Immunoglobulin is produced by plasma cells, widely found in ... Continue reading →

Whether for thyroid disease or thyroid surgery, blood tests for thyroid function is indispensable. However, there are too many test items, and many patients found the high or low arrow on the laboratory report (often prompted to anomalies), which can frighten a lot of patients. In fact, there are different meanings for the anomalies in these thyroid test results, and many of them do not need to worry. So what are the implications of these results, and how to explain the different diseases? The following chart is a common test report, which basically covers common used inspection items: Table1. Laboratory results of the thyroid function test       T3 and T4 (ie triiodothyronine—TT3 and triiodothyronine—TT4) They are the products of thyroid hormone synthesis, and T4 has one more iodine group than T3. Abnormal results of these two suggest abnormalities in thyroid function, but often are not directly related to clinical manifestations. Therefore, abnormal ... Continue reading →

What is A Carboxyl Magnetic Bead? Carboxyl magnetic beads are a kind of biological magnetic beads, which generally have the characteristics of superparamagnetism, fast magnetic response, large specific surface area, monodisperse, colloid stability, and so on. The surface modification of carboxyl magnetic beads is rich in carboxyl groups, which can bind proteins, nucleic acids, and peptides to the surface of magnetic beads under the action of special chemical reagents. These magnetic beads are widely used in protein purification, immunoassay, molecular detection, NGS, cell separation, and other fields. Applications of Carboxyl Magnetic Beads Chemiluminescent immunoassays In chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA), magnetic beads are used as reaction carriers and coated with specific antigens or antibodies to capture target molecules. Proteins can bind to carboxyl-modified particles by adsorption. Adsorption is mediated by the hydrophobicity and ion interaction between protein and particle ... Continue reading →

Protein accounts for 18-20% of the total mass of the human body and is the main carrier of human life activity. Protein has a range of complex functions in the organism, and many human diseases are closely related to the functional regulation of protein. For example, Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is understood that protein-stable imbalance disorders associated with mitochondria are important factors that lead to PD disease. Recent studies have shown that protein / sulfur dioxide heterogeneizes can reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress and regulate unfolded protein stress signal pathway changes, which can provide neuroprotective effects in cell PD models, effectively improving Parkinson’s syndrome epithetics. Cancer is another disease closely related to protein function. Studies have found that the occurrence of cancer is related to the overexpression/downregulation of specific enzymes in organisms. Therefore, using protein as a drug to directly treat diseases is a promising ... Continue reading →

Blood-brain Barrier Overview The blood-brain barrier is a barrier system in which the capillary endothelial cells in the brain are closely connected to each other while interacting with surrounding pericytes and astrocytes. It precisely controls the exchange of substances between blood and brain tissue, which is essential for maintaining the stability of the microenvironment in the brain. Studies show that the cells that make up the blood-brain barrier regulate the development and function of the blood-brain barrier by expressing tight and adherent connexins, transporters, and related signaling molecules. In addition, neurons and microglia are also involved in the regulation of the blood-brain barrier under physiological and pathological conditions. Recent studies have shown that the occurrence and development of various neurological diseases are accompanied by the destruction of the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, the study of the blood-brain barrier ... Continue reading →

Nervous System Development Overview The development of a single human fertilized egg into an individual is largely mysterious. In the process, the developmental central nervous system is the most complex. The central nervous system is formed by the ectoderm of the embryo. In the neuroblast stage, the notochord is the central axis of the embryo that runs through the embryo early and induces the undifferentiated ectodermal cells above it to transform into the primordium of the central nervous system. First, the dorsal ectoderm cells above the notochord are elongated and thickened to form a front wide and narrow nerve plate; the edge of the nerve plate is thickened and pleated to form a nerve pleat; the central plate of the nerve plate is concave to form a nerve groove. Then, the nerve pleat moves to the midline of the back and finally closes to form a neural tube. The anterior part of the neural tube develops into a brain, and the posterior part develops into a spinal cord. From this ... Continue reading →

With the continuous development of nanotechnology, gold nanoparticles are widely used in the field of medicine. Gold nanoparticles not only have good controllability, biocompatibility, and biosorption, but also have a high degree of stability, and can achieve specific biometrics and functions through surface modification. Therefore, it has become an important nanomaterial in biomedicine. The Role of Gold Nanoparticles Gold nanoparticles alias AuNPs and nano gold, their diameters are 1~100 nm. Gold nanoparticles are nano-sized particles of gold, and the powder is black or dark brown. The nano-gold solution is generally a sol dispersed in aqueous solution, so it is also called colloidal gold, water-soluble colloidal gold nanoparticles, and so on. The gold nanoparticles with different particle sizes show different colors. The color of colloidal gold is related to many factors. The colloidal gold with a small particle size (2-5nm) is yellow, the colloidal gold with a medium particle ... Continue reading →

Micelles refer to molecularly ordered aggregates that begin to form in large quantities after the surfactant concentration reaches a certain value in an aqueous solution. In micelles, the hydrophobic groups of surfactant molecules aggregate to form the core of the micelle, and the hydrophilic polar groups form the outer layer of the micelle. Liposomes are an artificial membrane. In the water, the hydrophilic head of the phospholipid molecule is inserted into the water, and the hydrophobic tail of the liposome extends into the air. After stirring, a spherical liposome with a double layer of lipid molecules is formed, with a diameter ranging from 25 to 1000 nm. Micelles and liposomes are both nanoscale carrier systems commonly used to improve drug delivery or cosmetic formulations. From their definitions, we can see that there are certain differences between the two. Differences in Structure and Composition Micelles: Micelles are tiny particles made of surfactant molecules (also called ... Continue reading →

Chemical Characterization is a powerful methodology for addressing biocompatibility endpoints, providing a risk assessment of biocompatibility using chemical, biocompatibility, and patient exposure data. Chemical Characterization involves the extraction of the device with various solvents, chemical analysis of compounds extracted from the device, and an evaluation of the toxicological risk associated with the patient exposure to the extracted compounds. Standard for Chemical Characterization "Chemical Characterization of materials", part eighteen of the Biological evaluation of medical devices standards (ISO 10993-18), gives out the general considerations for the analytical approach including the intended use of device contact time (blood, mucosal, skin contact), material composition, and surface area calculations. It also outlines for the extractables, the study design, solvents, temperature, and duration should be taken into account; while for the leachables, the drug ... Continue reading →

Profacgen, a leading provider of life science research services, today announced the update of its Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) service, providing a powerful technique for studying protein-nucleic acid interactions.   Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA), also known as gel shift assay, gel mobility shift assay, band shift assay, or gel retardation assay, is a common affinity electrophoresis technique used to study protein–DNA or protein–RNA interactions. This procedure can determine if a protein or mixture of proteins is capable of binding to a given DNA or RNA sequence, and can sometimes indicate if more than one protein molecule is involved in the binding complex.   EMSA can be used to study a wide range of protein–nucleic acid interactions, including: Transcription factor binding to DNA RNA binding proteins binding to RNA Protein-DNA interactions in gene regulation Protein-RNA interactions in microRNA processing Protein-DNA ... Continue reading →