Sepsis: epidemiology and diagnosis

Know more about sepsis

Sepsis is a complicated life-threatening condition resulting from a bloodstream infection. To be precise, it is the body's systemic inflammatory response to the infection elsewhere in the body. Infections of the lung, kidney, and digestive system are the primary infection foci of sepsis. If not treated immediately, it can quickly develop into a threatening condition called septic shock that eventually causes multiple organ dysfunction and death.

In fact, sepsis is the most challenging nosocomial infection prevalent worldwide. According to reports by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1.7 million Americans contract sepsis in their lifetime, and nearly 270 000 Americans are due to sepsis. Also, sepsis is the leading cause of morbidity and premature mortality in hospitalized and critically ill patients. Ever-increasing antimicrobial resistance is the major contributor to challenging every effort to tackle infections. 

Early diagnosis and timely initiation of broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy are warranted to prevent fatal septic shock and increase the sepsis survival rate. Moreover, severe sepsis or septic shock imposes a substantial economic and financial burden on patients and healthcare systems, often requiring intensive care unit (ICU) treatment for a long duration. Besides, growing global antimicrobial resistance has made it more challenging to tackle sepsis infection.

How to diagnose sepsis:

Due to its ambiguous nature, sepsis diagnosis is often challenging, requiring comprehensive clinical investigations. Therefore, it requires multiple diagnostic tests to confirm a sepsis case. Obtaining a patient medical history and careful examination of signs and symptoms upon presentation helps in the preliminary assessment. Besides, checking for predisposing factors such as trauma, surgery, organ transplantation, and the previous infection allows identification of sources such as infection of the lung, kidney, and digestive system.

However, clinical confirmation of sepsis is possible only through conducting microbiological culture of blood, urine, pus, or other body fluid specimens to investigate the type of microbial pathogen. An antimicrobial susceptibility must also be performed to assess the sensitivity pattern to specific antibiotics. It guides the clinician in choosing appropriate and rational therapy for the patient.

Importantly, haemogram and infection biomarkers study for C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) aid in determining the severity of sepsis.

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