Thyroid Disease-Types, symptoms and treatment

Learn more about Thyroid Diseases

Thyroid disease is a medical condition affecting the thyroid gland’s functions. It is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders affecting the worldwide population. In humans, the thyroid gland constantly produces and secretes the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) into the bloodstream for regulating the body’s functions like metabolism, growth, and development of the human body. Therefore, any imbalance in thyroid hormone secretion can lead to hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto's and Graves' disease are the leading cause of thyroid diseases.

• Hyperthyroidism: It’s a condition resulting from an overactive thyroid gland producing an excess amount of T3 and T4 or both into the bloodstream (thyrotoxicosis). It is mainly caused by Grave’s disease and other conditions like toxic multinodular goiter, and toxic adenomas.

• Hypothyroidism: In contrast to hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism results from an underactive thyroid gland in which the thyroid gland cannot produce enough T3 and T4. It is the predominant cause of the autoimmune condition called Hashimoto's disease. Besides, thyroidectomy, radiation therapy, and certain medications can also cause hypothyroidism.

• Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism affect females more as compared with males.

Signs and symptoms of Thyroid Diseases:

Clinical presentation of thyroid disease is often misinterpreted as other medical conditions leading to underdiagnosis. The signs and symptoms of various thyroid disorders are as follows:

• Hyperthyroidism: Excessive unintentional weight loss, anxiety, irritability, nervousness, trouble sleeping, scanty or irregular menses in women, goiter, heat sensitivity, blurred vision, and proximal muscle weakness. 

• Hypothyroidism: Excessive weight gain, brittle hair, dry skin, cold intolerance, fatigue, frequent or heavy menstruation in women, muscle cramps, and myalgia, growth and mental retardation in children.

Treatment for Thyroid Diseases:

Being a chronic endocrine illness, thyroid diseases require lifelong treatment with medications to restore and maintain normal thyroid function. Hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease is caused by autoantibodies attacking the thyroid gland and eventually resulting in an overactive thyroid. Antithyroid medications like methimazole, radioactive iodine, and propylthiouracil abstain from thyroid hormone over synthesis and restore normal thyroid function. In some patients, surgical removal of the overactive thyroid gland is performed to prevent disease consequences.

On the other hand, hypothyroidism resulting from Hashimoto's disease is treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy to restore normal body functions. Levothyroxine restores hormone concentration in tissues and is the mainstay for thyroid hormone deficiency and related complications like myxedema coma.

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